LOL!!!
When the assignment feedback came out I really laughed out loud!
Few weeks ago,
I just told daddy
'This time, I feel that I not doing well for my last semester final assignment.'
daddy asked
'Why?'
I said
'Because when I came back Malaysia, coincidence kaima passed away, I busy for the funeral for the full five days, and after the funeral, eldest sis hospitalized, so we all went to the hospital for the 3 full days. These two incidents added up, it spent my whole week time, I cracked up for the mournful incident for the whole week, then didn't had time to do at all, but the lucky thing was I have done 1250 words at the first three days at KL hotel when I reached Malaysia, then after I came back Malacca, totally dont have time to do, because I didn't expect my one week time gone by that way, if nothing happen at all, 7 days are far more beyond than enough to complete a research assignment, it means I've give myself plenty of time to do it, but I didn't expect so many miseries came at the same time.'
Daddy asked
'Then how?
I said
'At the end, I had no choice already, because our house internet keep on disconnected, I can't accessed our uni library site at all to get the sources, so I just simply choose a case study and applied into the research, because I dont have time to read other sources any more.'
Daddy asked
'Hmmmmm not good, cannot like that one...'
I said
'But I got no time d, anyway dont care d, because my midterm exam and first two assignments quite good. Besides than that, result not really important, since next time when I find job they won't look at my result also.'
When the result came out,
I'm so surprised that I still have a credit (B) instead of merely (C) passed.
Haha! But the funny was my lecturer deducted my mark due to the odd case study.
LOL! He must be laughing why I used WSF case study into my research?
I just couldn't stop laughing from that. He must be thinking why I'm so unreasonableeee.
LMAO! Look what he written for my assignment feedback.
Summary comment:
A solid essay
on business and the environment although it is a little difficult to actually
determine your argument. There appears to be significant research here but the
underlying arguments are somewhat hidden.
Also, the WSF
case study at the end doesn’t really fit with the rest of the paper.
Remove
highlighting.
Name: Clarissa, Huay Ching Ngoh
ID: 110108911
Assessment 3: Research Essay (50%)
Topic: How do business interests
influence environmental decision-making, particularly in the South? What
factors might contribute to the ability of business interests to exert this
influence? Use at least one case study to illustrate your arguments.
Introduction
In capital investment decision, managers used to be taking
into consideration about strategic factors more than financial matter (Butler
et al, 1993). Thereby, this entails us about the effect of these factors on
capital investment decision-making. White and Becker (1992) stated that 'four
social control' are compulsory
disclosure about environmental performance, regulatory cost such as the charges
of pollution and compulsory clean-up costs; subsidization of environmental
capital expenses and the most crucially stakeholders point of views. The
core purpose of this research essay is to find out are there any notable
differences exist in the nature and influence of the four social control
measures as benefits for more environmental business interests. However, the
case study of current EIA practice "Second Sydney Airport", will be
used in the research to illustrate the factors how business interests affect
environmental decision-making, particularly Australia - the South pacific but
north affluent country.
How does Royal Travel
at Botany Bay influence environmental decision-making
First of all, by explaining how business interest influence
environmental decision-making, a part of this research focus on how the beach
and the airport have both served as chronotopes of arrivalism (Mikhail Bakhtin, 1981, p.84). As a main
reason, the beach has been act as a utopia in many traveler's stories and at
the same time it also serves as a place for postcolonial visitation (Jane
Jacobs, 1996, p.157), yet an eye-catching imbalance happens in the net traffic
on this remarkable antipodal beach; the beach has been becomes the place of
arrival instead of departure for most tourists. Besides than that, it serves as
a contact region between the nations, the airport also figures heavily as a
fetish place of arrival. Jacobs claimed that Australia is a country which
somewhere between colonialism, imperialism and modernity; whereas the airport
has been on the way out as fantasy for most of the twentieth century and also
it has been developed as beach-like country, thus the most important thing is
to 'conquest of the air' first. The factors of built up a second Sydney airport
have shaped the city, and continue place Sydney between the national and global
well-being into the twenty-first century. The continually deferred decisions
not to construct the Sydney second airport are not made in abstract due to the
unplaced space. The enormous capital investment that airports and other
architecture large-objects require divert funds from alternative projects at
the meanwhile as, most remarkably in the case of Sydney, they ensure the
persistence of such architecture in their established locations in the
reputation of national development.
Incentives factor : 3
billion dollars bonus to come with Sydney's Second Airport
In
the financial review of 2014, Prime Minister just nodded his head about the
road package of 3 billion dollars at Western Sydney as the federal government
contributed an enormous infrastructure package that will have as its continut
core a new, privately funded airport at Badgerys
Creek. The Sydney Airport Corporation which has two years to consider about the
decision to build the second airport, it showed lack of enthusiasm regarding
the planning and claimed that there was ample of area at Mascot. In 2012, Mr
Abbott (n.d) predicted the airport would consumed $2.5 billion to construct. He
claimed the most construction would be done by the private sector whereas the
federal government will only build the roads for the airport. However,
there will be some pros and cons to build the second airport, the advantages
and disadvantages as below:
Pros
|
Cons
|
1,529 jobs would be generated over
seven years during the construction
|
Two Liberal member of parliaments
disputed that curfew of the airport should be implemented to banned the
overnight flight noise to residence.
|
The airport could arise the economic
activity between $11.6 billion and $15.2 billion in the next 3.5 decades
|
The build of the airport might cause
the increasing overcrowding at the nation's busiest airport which posing a
threat to country growth and productivity.
|
If 60,000 jobs were found, the
airport could be as huge as Los Angeles International airport.
|
4000 residents will live in noise
pollution as their residence nearby Badgerys's airport
|
The airport could offers between
35,216 and 46,285 full-time jobs in the next 3.5 decades
|
Without a second airport, Sydney
will be go through inadequate service in the next few years.
|
No matter what is the outcome, Anthony Albanese (n.d), the
Labor's Transport representer proclaimed that issues above definitely have to
be examined in the environmental impact statement.
Case
study 1: 'US law and the environment'
When looking at the consequences above, we
can see that the consequences not merely affect human being but also the
creatures in the proposed land. For example, when referring US environmental
law as case study in this essay, since 1970, environmentalists have strictly
emphasized on environmental action pursued through the legislative system.
McSpadden (2002, p.175) proposed that environmental business interest holders
had many crucial laws to passed through, such as persuading government
companies of the need to write environmental impact systems. Between 1990 and
1996, Justice Department statistic demonstrated 262 different environmental
lawsuits being filed. In 1997, the number of lawsuit gradually increased up to
184 cases (Paige, 1998, p.16). The credit of the US legal system is partially
based on the fact that the system is advanced enough to cope with often
complicated, ecological disputes. Negatively, this discord of litigation has
perceived the development of redundancy of one-off victories. Therefore, the US
legal system is an essential tool for environmentalists, particularly in its
wide definition of 'standing' which offers ecology much greater consideration
in the sense of law. In this sense, the
environmental groups sued the government that President Clinton implemented a
Northwest Forest Plan in 1994, in which in a 2000-acre radius surrounding all
known spotted owl habitats, therefore, after this litigation, the owl was granted protection
under the Endangered Species Act in 1983 after its habitat had been loss due to
over-logging (Dawdy, 2000). However, when standing in the timber
industry's shoe, Fitch (2002, p.432) asserted this will eventually create up to
85,000 jobs.
Methodology: A dynamic
programming scheduling model explained multi-factors that affect the consideration
of Sydney Second Airport
As a precursor of build up Sydney Second Airport, a
cost-benefit analysis was carried out to help the Australian Government to
choose the best site for a second Sydney Airport. In order to make comparison
and choose the best site, it was vital to determine the sequence of
developments at both current airport and the new-recommended airport, as well
as the traffic consequences between the two airports. In fact, Hastings (1973)
found that there were many similarities yet a certain degree of discrepancy
between Sydney second airport project and the Roskill Commission's Cost-Benefit
analysis of sites for the Third London Airport. However, a dynamic programming scheduling
model is indispensible in the process of development. The following factors may
influence the evaluation of Sydney airport system:
1.
The
site for the second Sydney Airport
2.
The
architecture plan of the second airport
3.
the
runway structure such as close spaced parallel, wide spaced parallel or cross
and so on
4.
The
duration of construction of the airport
5.
The
further development at the current Kingsford-Smith airport and its duration
6.
The
strategies of distribution of traffic between the two airports
7.
The
duration of (3), (4) and (5)
Certainly, there are both good and bad in using a dynamic
programming scheduling model for the development of Sydney Second Airport.
Firstly, an advantage was that it helped to created all the data elements which
had to be collected, thus it can effectively find out the data collection
program. Besides than that, it also promised that no data items were neglected.
The second good thing was it linked to the first advantage, the model developed
the planning and control of the projects in an easier way, as the design of the
model offered a solid structure, both for the work in the cost analysis area
which went into the model, and for the analysis and proposals established from
the outcome of the model. Once again, equally good planning and control could
attained by common approaches, but the use of model may made the process
easier. On the other hand, to a significant degree, a disadvantage was the
early commitment to the work structure meant that there was some inflexibility for
the change of approach as the work progressed, in the light of details created
during the course of the work.
Stakeholders point of
views: Canberra's Airport Proposal
On the other hand, instead of locating the second airport at
Sydney, Curfew 4 Canberra (C4C)
proposed to build the second airport in Canberra to tremendously expand the
airport system operations which include a non-curfew flight service as well as
cargo hub, and turn out to be Sydney's second airport. Unlike Sydney, Canberra
can runs 24 hours flight service without creating noise pollution to disrupt
sleeping hours. The reason is due to Canberra has little demand for night-time
flight. Furthermore, Canberra Airport also has an history of air force base,
which meant the skies have remained open with minor adverse impact on residents.
The advantage of build up the second airport at Canberra was we could foresee a
bigger planes with more flight frequency at night. Canberra's communities
promised to protect our peaceful and tranquil service from an unreasonable and
unnecessary invasion by Canberra Airport. C4C's recommended the 24-hours cargo
and passenger hub due to the objections of:
·
Midnight
noise pollution raises a major public health risk as there is notable evidence
of a relationship between night-time exposure to noise pollution and the risk
of high blood pressure despite you are still sleeping
·
Canberra's
peaceful and quiet residential facilities is highly regarded by the residents
as the environmental noise over there is relatively low, especially during
midnight.
·
Current
aircraft noise protection measure are awfully insufficient for the suggested
increase in noise emission.
·
It
is unfair in exempting night-time aircraft noise in Canberra but not Sydney due
to their curfew.
Therefore, an aviation curfew would ensure certainty into the
future for all related stakeholders such as the community, the airport,
governments and also the businesses.
Cost Benefit Analysis
In addition, cost benefit analysis serves as a building block
in project evaluation of infrastructure projects. Economists and Scholars such
as Jules Dupuit (1844), Vilfredo Pareto (1896), Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks
(1939) and Pigue (1920) discovered the vital contributions to the economics. The
use of cost benefit analysis is to select the best alternative option in a
constant manner to boost the net benefit to the economy. Nevertheless, there
are some issues implicated in cost benefit analysis such as shadow pricing,
discounting, income distribution, uncertainty treatment and also the
externalities measurement (environmental impact study). In a competitive
market, economic decision-making ought to illustrate the shortage to attain the
resources distribution. In fact, there is no such standard price as diverse
factors may affect prices and underlying shortage. True prices are the guild of
shadow prices, offers a better guild to a more efficient distribution of rare resources.
One of the contributions which the cost benefit analysis
makes is the act of an evaluation of the role of shadow pricing of labour in
Australian Government Agencies and Business Enterprises (GBEs). In the New
South Wales capital works program, an estimated $5 billion is spent every year
and its project evualation should thereby be regarded as a vital role of the
State economic management and even the whole country. In order to undergo a profound analysis, environmental
decision makers have to consider the project from all perspectives, for
examples, treatment of external effects, discounting, decision criteria, risk
and uncertainty and so on. However, there are two main appraisal of cost
benefit analysis, the first one is the estimation of the employees needed for
the project of Sydney second airport and the second one is the estimation of
shadow wage rates (SWR). Subsequently, the result is used to determine the SWR
for the employees who work in Sydney second airport project.
Case study 2: World
Social Forum
Last but not least, it is important to consider about worldly
opinions. O'Brien and Williams (2004, p.312) claimed that the World Trade
Organization (WTO) has showed interest in overturning the trade-related clause
via its own argument settlement procedures that would once weaken the autonomy
of these multilateral environmental agreement. Since 2001, the World Social
Forum (WSF) has been a yearly open meeting place where social movements,
networks, NGOs and other civil society organizations opposed to neo-liberalism
and a world ruled by capital or by any type of imperialism, come along to
pursue their thinking, to argue ideas in a freedom style, to draw up proposals
and share their experience democratically. The WSF is lead by a Charter of
Principles that consecrates its plurality and diversity.
However, the alteration of policy do not seem to be an
outcome of improved skill in the creation of environmental policy nor an
outcome of enhanced awareness of the interconnection between economic
development and environmental impacts. Instead, the institutions structure, the
procedures for their conformity as well as the choice of policy instruments
seem to be more affected by a wider debate about the pattern of government and
its influence on economic growth. Thus, when the mood altered against state
ownership, regulation and the process of intervening, there was a relevant
change towards market-like policy instruments. Regardless of how strong the
preference is for markets, governments or bureaucracies (from local to global),
set the limit within which environmental policies are created and appraised.
Global forums and foreign affairs can suggest solutions or the architecture for
addressing some environmental and trade issues, for an instance, cross-border
harmful waste, yet there is no basic blueprint for success.
Conclusion
At the end, from a consideration of main concepts of
political regimes and power, the argument moved on to a consideration of the
sources of environmental action, such as the various topics of arguments,
claims and opposition's claims which bestir various responses to environmental
issues. For an instance, some proclaim that nothing needs to be improve since
the environmental issues are mild or unimportant, whereas others assert that
environmental issues are an important factor which influence economic growth.
No matter how, environmental politics is not merely made by those who are
inspired by environmental concern, but everyone else's accountability. Even
those who always ignored such concerns might find themselves seeking to adapt
them in specific areas.
(2416 words)
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